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Impact of food advertising on television in Pakistan on the eating habits of children

IMPACTS OF ADVERTISING food Pakistan Television on eating habits CHILDREN

By Tariq Malik Mahmood

INTRODUCTION

Television owned family through audio-visual. It is capable of transmitting sound and images with a message of various kinds and for a variety of purposes. He has a strong influence on people, culture and other media. It is a widely used telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance of anywhere in the world. The term can also be used to refer specifically to a receptor television programming or television transmission. Television commercials have become one of the most effective, most convincing, and most popular methods of selling products of all kinds.

In Pakistani culture, we must look more closely at the role of television and advertising, to determine why they occupy such a valuable item. Pakistan Television is a permanent fixture in the lives of children. Television children is as familiar as the faces of family members. TV is always there to entertain and give children the society, especially when nobody else in the desire to play, chat or interact with them. They are increasingly exposed to different cultures, absorb new ideas and impressions of other cultures.

Many television commercials are catchy jingles or phrases that generate upheld, that may remain in the minds of viewers long after the period of the campaign. dissemination of advertising today, in our entire culture influences in society and our fundamental modes of life. Advertising can be regarded as one of the factors that contribute shape people's lives, their basic values and attitudes. But the real picture is different, depending Edger "Advertising is the art of all lies half the truth. '1

Advertising has been observed in many ways: on television, newspapers, billboards, walls, video, Internet and many other forms. The protection of children against the disease is directly linked to the question of what affecting observed watching television. Reviews on children watching television are related to what they watch and for how time. Television advertising of foodstuffs causing concern for parents, parents try to control the listening television their children. Parental control of television should reduce the number of hours a child, leaving a impact on their health.1

Today's children are our future and unique in many ways from previous generation. But Perhaps the most important factor affecting the health of children is television advertising. There are general concerns of parents that advertising TV has negative impact intentional or not, on the health of children.

Advertising is structured and composed of communication non-personal information, usually paid and often persuasive in nature about products identified by the promoters through different media. Advertising Agencies naturally provide the large number of people about their products. There is nothing wrong with that, because it allows ideas and innovative concepts to be shared with others. However, over the years have progressed, advertising methods and techniques have become the advance drawing, shaping and even creating needs of consumers where there was none before, or turning luxury necessities.2

Advertising Mass is no longer just a means of introducing and distributing products, but it does. This is an important mechanism in the ability of a relatively small number of giant corporations to take a disproportionate power over the economy. These companies need newspapers, magazines, and broadcast not only to sell their goods, but to maintain their economic and political influence. The media are no longer neutral agents of merchants, but essential gear in the machine the gigantic enterprise, and increasingly, they are not only necessary, but they are owned by the company giants.3

History of Advertising

Advertising is as old as civilization itself. The beginnings of advertising, of course, are impossible to identify, but there are several examples dating back thousands of years. In the early days, signs were placed above the doors of commercial establishments and, later, the town crier was an important advertising medium. The advertisement was an established part of the social environment of early civilizations. However, until the advent of mass selling in the 19th century, advertising has played a minor role in the realization of business.4

After the invention of printing leaflets, posters and newspapers were used to increase the quantities of products advertising. The development of rail transport allowed the advertising industry to send its products to consumers who live far from the factories manufacturing. Advertising supposed national character that business people used both television and newspapers to expand their markets.

Problem Statement

The food advertising on television of Pakistani impact on children's health - problems food and become obese and inactive. The researcher interested in analyzing the impact of advertising food products on health children.

OBJECTIVES

The study was conducted while keeping in mind the following objectives:

i) For study children's listening habits Pakistan Television

ii) To know the impact of advertising on children's health

Importance of the Study

Although there are many recipients of the study, but the main beneficiaries are parents and personnel agencies. All parents want to provide good food for their children in healthy life. The study results show that parents about the impact of advertising on the health of their children and help offset these affects.

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

This chapter has been divided into five parts. The first part describes general things on television advertising. The second part of chapter is to explain the theory of advertising, how ads affect the health of children and their lives. The third part explains the role of advertising society. The fourth section describes the health status of children and their BMI. The fifth part of the study explores the negative impacts ads on the health of children aged 8 to 12 years.

Television is an important agent of socialization, it is present in the lives of children. Much advertisements broadcast on television are the creations of brilliant minds who want to encourage them to buy products advertised. Proof that marketing is Mounting is harmful for children. Almost all aspects of children's lives has been affected by recent trends in advertising. Search advertising links obesity has increased, and eating disorders in children because they are vulnerable to persuasive messages. According to the University Media Throat "Television has become inevitable and constant factors that shape who we are and what we become." 1

The children less than eight are unable to understand the messages critical of television advertising and are prone to accept advertiser messages as truthful, accurate and impartial. This can lead to unhealthy eating habits as evidenced by today's youth. It is a concern essential because the most common products for children are cereals, candies, sweets, sodas and snacks. Advertising of food unhealthy for young children contributes to poor eating habits that can last a lifetime and be a variable in the current epidemic obesity among kids.2

TELEVISION ADVERTISING

A consumer marketing messages exposed hundreds every day. They may appear the form of billboards, newspapers, TV commercials, etc. It is actually a very structured form of communication applied, employing both verbal and nonverbal elements which are composed to meet the specific space and time formats specified by the sponsor. All First, advertising is communication - A special type of communication. Traditionally, advertising has been primarily a one-way process, but with new interactive technologies of today, consumers can give feedback to advertising messages in real time using the same channels as the sender. Most advertising is intended to be convincing - to win converts to a product, service or idea. Some listings, such as legal notices, are intended only to inform, not persuade. But they are still ads because they satisfy all other requirements of Definition.3

The issues surrounding advertising to children are related to certain advertising campaigns primarily targeting children. advertising cold drinks are often shown during sports events and seen by millions of children, creating brand familiarity and motivation children to purchase. They were exposed to television ads over 15 edible during a one-hour program and when they watch TV four hours a day it means they saw an ad produced around 20 times in one sitting. This is called graph not. 15 at page 34.

Advertising is persuasive and informational influence on the behavior of the public. Advertising is also a marketing tool and can be used in combination with other marketing tools, such as sales promotion, personal selling tactics, or publicity. But the picture is different, depending Edger "Advertising is the art of making whole lies half the truth."

The impact of advertising on Television is the greatest among children. Both children and television advertising more elderly group, and they are also more deeply influenced by the addictive aspect of the advertiser on their lives.

Advertising to children is based on three concerns, first, we believe that advertising to promote the values and based on superficial material possessions and consumption. Second, children are considered inexperienced users and an easy prey for persuasion sophisticated advertisers. Third, advertising influences children to request to all Toy Snack food.4

Role of advertising

Advertising plays a vital role in the economic system of a country. Helps to sell ideas, goods and services. Advertising both reflects and affects our lifestyles, and thus plays an important social role. Advertising has become so close to our life, therefore, it is a multidimensional communication needs of society. businesses, unions, government agencies and political leaders successfully use of advertising to inform and convince people about their purpose.

Kapoor gives the four points of the role of the Advertising: First, the country's gross national product is higher and the standard of living is higher than they would otherwise. Advertising creates jobs with a greater variety of products, and improve product quality and increase the country's economy. Second, Kapoor is the argument that advertising plays a major role in informing consumers so that more intelligent choices are made on the market. Thirdly, the rationale for advertising is that the cost of the business of production per unit of production is lower because the advertising increases the demand for production of the company, then, advertising leads to more efficient use of resources in the economy. Finally, she said that advertising leaves the positive or negative impacts on the general masses as well as children. These impacts are modified according to culture and environment.5

The four points mentioned above is an overview of advertising that advertisers want to reach. The same situation is in Pakistan. So we can not able to explore all aspects of advertising at this level, because the obstacles are so many, such as lack of resources, lack of time.

Children's Health

All parents consciously and deeply observe the health of their children in any society. But parents are more committed to their children in Pakistani society because children are their future and they will help finance the parents when they retire. All parents like to provide good food to their children for their health and give them a good education to make them a good citizen. Both parents work, because they want to improve their standard of living, which is referred to in paragraph no. 4. Sometimes, the parents of most watched children's activities to know what and when they eat? When and how they look television? Why did they become obese and lazy? 6

In fact, the researcher will study the response of all these questions because these questions are mainly related to the study.

Health experts have linked watching too much television to obesity - a major health problem today. While watching television, children are inactive to buy these products. They are also bombarded with advertising encourage them to buy and eat unhealthy foods like chips, burgers, pastries etc and empty calories of soft drinks that often become preferred snack foods. Indirectly leave too much advertising affects children's health. Even if children watch four hours of quality educational programs on television in a day, which means they are not exercising, reading, socializing, or spending time outdoors. But some studies have shown that reducing the amount of television viewing by children has led to less weight gain and a greater increase low body mass index, and do not idle for more health.7

The body mass index (BMI)

Mass Index (BMI) is used to estimate the weight of the average population health. A BMI of 20-24 is desirable for most adults. A person with a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight, and a person with a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. Obesity is associated with an increased risk for heart disease, diabetes and other potentially fatal diseases.

The body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to determine the desirable body weight. BMI is a measure of weight relative to adult height, and is calculated as the metric weight divided by height squared (kg/m2).

Body mass index gives only a rough estimate of desirable weight, but doctors agree that many factors other than height on weight. Weight alone can not be an indicator of fat, as in the case of a bodybuilder who can have a high BMI because a high percentage of muscle tissue, which weighs more than fat. Similarly, a person with a sedentary lifestyle can be in a range of desirable weight, but an excess of adipose tissue. However, as the BMI is greater than the risk of developing serious illness.

BMI Chart for Boys

Body Mass Index (BMI) percentiles for boys, from two to twenty years, so you can follow your growth curve of the child and see if they are underweight, overweight or just.

BMI Chart for Girls

Body Mass Index (BMI) percentiles for girls, from two to twenty years, so you can follow the growth curve of your child and see if they are underweight, overweight or just.

What is Fat?

Fats, or lipids, are nutrients in foods that the child's body uses to build nerve tissue (like brain) and hormones. The body also uses fat as fuel. If fats that children have eaten are not burned as energy or used as building blocks, they are stored by the body in fat cells. It is their way of thinking of the body ahead: By saving fat for future use, the body plans of times when food might be scarce.

Fat gives flavor and texture of foods, but it is also rich in calories, and the quantities of fatty foods such as with excessive amounts of any food can cause risks to the health of many. For children and teens, desserts and snacks like potato chips, chocolate, cakes, donuts, pastries, and cookies are an important source of fat. Children also get fat from whole milk and meat rich in fat, such as meat fried and spicy. Of course, fast food and takeaway tend to have more fat than home cooking and in restaurants, fried dishes are higher fat. Fat also often "hides" in foods as cream, cheese, butter, sauces or dressings.

However, although fat is an important component of a healthy diet, when children eat the right kinds of fat in particular those of some species fish in the recommended amounts. Like carbohydrates in recent years, fats have been wrongly accused of "bad". Although certainly better than some others, some types of fat are good for young children and an important part of a healthy diet.

Obesity increases the risk of developing the disease. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, nearly 70 percent of cases of heart disease United States are linked to excess body fat, and obese people are more than twice as likely to develop hypertension. Risk medical complications, particularly heart disease, increases when body fat is distributed around the waist, especially in the abdomen. Such of upper body fat distribution is more common in men than women.8

Causes of Obesity

A calorie is the unit used to measure the energy value of food and energy used by the body to maintain normal functions. When the calories from food intake equal the calories of energy the body uses, weight remains constant. But when a person consumes more calories than the body needs, the body stores more calories as fat, causing subsequent weight gain.

Obesity, a condition characterized by storage of excess body fat. The human body naturally stores fat under the skin and around organs and joints. Fat is essential for good health because it is a source of energy when the body lacks the energy necessary to sustain life processes, and provides insulation and protection for internal organs. But the accumulation of too much body fat is associated with a variety of health problems. Studies show that people who are overweight or obese are at greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, arthritis and some forms of cancer.9

The causes of obesity are complex and include factors. Fundamentally, obesity occurs when a person eats more calories than the body burns. The children have a 80 percent chance of being obese than their parents are obese. Obesity in childhood and adolescence may be linked to:

i) Poor eating habits
ii) overeating habits
iii) the use unnecessary cold drinks
iv) Non-Eating Nutrition
v) Eating on the side of the house

The percentage of overweight children is increasing at a alarming rate. Overall, children spent less time exercising and more time watching TV and computer. And busy families today have fewer free moments to prepare nutritious meals, cooked at home, day after day. From fast food to electronics, quick and easy seems to be the mentality of many people, young and old, in the new millennium.

Impact Advertising

modern lifestyle has frozen family size in Pakistani society. the nuclear family has taken the place of the joint family. Lifestyle trends in urban areas of Pakistan (rising incomes, more working hours, more working mothers, and parents time-poor/cash-rich) tend to support their families, which lead the child to watch television and the increased consumption of unnecessary food. In addition, the advertising industry is junk food seems irresistible.

Children who watch a lot of TV have trouble concentrating in school because they are used to being given all the answers instead of being asked to think about issues. If children watch less television develop their imagination.

Unfortunately, children do not have proper guidance on what they should do. Media does not play its role in promoting the rights of children and the difficulties they face in society. Even the authorities in Pakistan Television ignored on this side and they can design programs to the needs of children.

IMPACT Children's Health

Jacques suggests that obesity "Childhood arises from foods that are high in fat and low in fiber. When children eat these foods, the insulin increases not only the effects of dopamine pleasure-chemical (Making the child feel like eating the same food), but also reduces the effects of the hormone leptons, which makes the child want to eat more and be less active ".10

Television also has negative impacts, it creates eye problems. It stops children going out and playing with friends. Its advertising makes buying things even if they do not need. It can make tired and unable to concentrate on their lessons.

LEAVE unhealthy habits

Gerbner said that many media experts in Western countries continue to be deeply concerned about the advertising part of the television programming. They argue that television advertising leave impacts on society, especially on the health of children and television advertising does not go to air without reason.11

The impact of television on children has received much attention. Research suggests that children see television advertising as another form of programming and react indiscriminately to its messages, which makes them particularly vulnerable to advertising. It is also concerned by the way children respond to advertising. Research indicates that many children are unduly influenced by this standard of health, are more satisfied with their bodies and may develop eating disorders in pursuit of a slim figure. Advertising on the daily life and eating habits, etc. Children and adolescents are influenced, consciously or unconsciously by the Pakistani television commercials.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Every scientific discipline employs a particular methodology in conducting research. This includes some assumptions and values that serve as justification (underlying reasons) for the research effort and the criteria standards for the entire process. The objective basis of this study was to examine the negative impacts of eating / disorder on the health of children. To this end, sampling systematic random was used. The sample size was limited to 30 children aged 8-12 years and their parents.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study was survey research on "the impact of food advertising on television in Pakistan on children's eating habits "in the satellite town (B-Block) Rawalpindi city. The researcher used questionnaire for parents and interviews with children as an instrument to collect data.

POPULATION

In this study, ages 8 - 12, and their parents in the city of Rawalpindi were the study population.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Random and convenience sampling techniques have been applied in this research to select the sample. The frame was 30 children aged 8 - 12, and their parents in the city Satellite (B-Block) from the city of Rawalpindi.

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

There are three demographic variables in this study:

i) Gender
ii) Age
iii) Qualification

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

To achieve the objective, a survey study has been achieved. Data were collected mainly from primary sources. A questionnaire was designed for parents. questionnaire for children has also been used for a structured interview.

DATA COLLECTION

The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaire were distributed between parents and administered by the researcher personally. Structured interview was completed all respondents in the sample of children.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

In this chapter, the researcher analyzed data from the impact of advertising on children's health. Data on "Impact of Food Advertisements on PTV's Health children were collected by a questionnaire that was specially designed for this study. Mainly cross-tabulation statistical procedure has been used to study the relationship between say the demographic variables (gender, age and qualification, and presented in data tables Graphics alongwith interpretation.

As evident form Figure 1, the majority of male respondents (34% fall in the age group of 30-45 and women interviewed in the same group is 23%. The results showed that the majority of respondents both groups were young.

As evident in Figure 2, the majority of male respondents (20%) was the doctor, while 20% owned their own business, 10% of women surveyed were Govt. employee and 10% were housewives.

Figure 3, showed that 57% of male respondents and 30% of women surveyed were highly qualified. Thus, the male respondents were more qualified compared to women.

Figure 4 documents the monthly income of the parent-respondents. As the chart shows that the male respondent owned families earn as much compared to female respondents.

As shown in Figure 5 shows the family composition of respondents, the majority respondents with four members of their families.

As shown in Figure 6, all parent respondents regularly watched PTV.

As evident from Figure 7 that the majority (13%) of male respondents-PTV watched the evening and late at night as compared to the women interviewed who loved to watch Pakistani television, morning and afternoon.

Figure 8 showed that the majority of parents hits Pakistan Television for 2-3 hours per day.

Figure 9 reflects the fact that all respondents were children of regular viewers of television Pakistan.

The results of Figure 10 shows that children like to watch television in the evening, but most respondents like to watch afternoon.

As shown in Figure 11, the majority (30%) of respondents have children watches PTV for more than four hours per day. According to the data collected from children aged 8-12 were heavy viewers of PTV. In fact, the problem area because watching television to say more than five hours longer creates adverse effects on health, especially children of 8-12 years.

The results of Figure 12 shows that the majority (33%) of respondents have children to watch programs like children's shows, quiz / as guided by their parents.

Chart 13 reflects the fact that parents allow their children to watch PTV in order to obtain updated information and entertainment as well.

Figure 14 is obvious that male respondents feel tired when they look for PTV more than 3 to 4 hours, but women interviewed bored which means wife liked to watch more than four hours.

As shown in Figure 15, the majority of respondents (40%) watched advertisements around 15-20 and 20% saw more than 25 ads in one hour. It means that during a one-hour program lots of food by-products have been advertised on PTV launches children to buy these products on their own or ask their parents to buy the same for them.

As shown in Figure 16 that the majority of both parents and respondents with children in general loved to buy cold drinks, but some children said they also liked to buy products such as chips. These fats increase products on the body, especially in children because age 8-12 years old are grooming and they need good nutrition and a nutritionist to their health.

As evident in Figure 17 parent respondents, answered that the attitude of children has been changed if they did not buy or allow them to buy these products edible. They behave aggressively with their elders or parents.

The results of Figure 18 show the impact of ads Pakistan Television on Children. Parents reported that their children have tried to emulate when they have seen the ads, but some parents responded that they felt a certain aggressiveness during / after seeing the ads, as shown advertiser super stock rights.

As the results of Figure 19 shows that parents are still buying food for their children because they demand were well-deserved (see graph no. 4). They have completed all the requirements of their children everything they wanted to eat. This habit of eating created eating disorders among children of 8-12 years.

As shown in Figure 20, the parents felt that the ads made by PTV feeding their children because their children have enough money to buy belong to upper class families (see Chart 4).

As shown in Figure 21, the parents responded that these ads have increased eating disorder and a decrease in the health of their children.

RESULTS

The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of food Advertisements Pakistan Television on the eating habits of children. Main these variables are likely to have a significant impact of ads on television in Pakistan on the health of children.

In Pakistan, almost all children were regularly watching television. Information on children's expenses of time watching television was to estimate their exposure to the variety of advertisements. Variation of the influence of advertising was seen differently in a child to another, and from day to day for the same child. Nevertheless, some influence of advertising on children have been observed, who presented in Chapter 4 in Figure 9.

According to Chart 11, all children were watching television every day. Children 23% saw television for a maximum of 3 hours and 30% watched television until 4:00 daily. Thus, they were found viewers heavy and regular. Most children spend much time sitting in front of a television screen watching different programs.

Thus children 8 to 10 years were found to be more attracted to commercials on television and watched with great interest, but with the increasement of age, the preferences of the child moved to television programs.

Most children All age groups watched the commercials on television with the Great. This means that many techniques in audio-visual advertising TV was simply intended to obtain and retain the attention of children, who impressed to buy different products. Thus TV commercials could really have a huge impact on children. The researcher discovered the following:

A) Children Ages 8-12 and their parents watched television Pakistani TV regularly. Most male parents liked to watch late at night, but liked the female parent watch the morning and evening and their children liked to watch the evening. The duration of parents watch was 2-3 hours, but brought their children watch was 4-5 hours per day.

2) The children loved the children to watch programs programs quiz / but their parents allowed them to look for information PTV and entertainment as well.

3) Male respondents felt tired when they watched PTV for more than 3 to 4 hours, but am annoyed that the women interviewed mean wife liked to watch more than four hours.

4) The majority of parents and children generally like to buy cold drinks but some children also wanted to buy chips and product type. The researchers know that these fats increase on body, especially in children because age 8-12 years of age is grooming and they need good nutrition and a nutritionist to their health.

5) the attitude of children has been changed if they did not buy or allow them to buy these products edible. They are aggressive with their elders or parents.

6) Children have tried to emulate when they saw the ads, but some parents said they felt a certain aggressiveness during / after viewing ads, as shown advertiser super human actions.

7) Parents have always bought food ready on demand for their children because they were well deserved (see Graph 4.). They accomplished all requests for their children everything they asked to eat. This habit of eating established eating disorders among children of 8-12 years.

The announcement made PTV their children diet because their children have enough money to buy these edible belong to upper class families (see Chart 4).

9) Ads from Pakistan Television increased eating disorder and the health of children has decreased from 8-12 years.

CONCLUSION

Most children are addicted to their average viewing audience is over 60% which means they watch TV more than five hours a day, they are heavy viewers. After / during watching the TV ads the most demanding children learn to drink Coca-Cola, these unhealthy Pepsi develops the habits of children. Some children are aged 10-12, trying to imitate the very action that they saw during the ads, which are dangerous for their lives.

Data from this research study shows that increased fat in the body in persons, especially children, regularly drink products. Increases in body fat is not good sign because that creates obesity-fat, and hear disease. Children are more weight according their age and height, because they regularly use these cold drinks and eating fried meat outside the house with their parents or elders.

Children have less weight according to their BMI is because of their eating disorder. They think that if we eat and drink more than others we have good muscles, but their stomachs are not properly digest these foods, so eating disorder increased and after a few months, their weight is down. It is only for their eating disorder. They saw that the performer listings powdered milk is healthier because he / she drink the milk after they try to buy and drink milk that power, but they do not know the actual image.

RECOMMENDATIONS

After have concluded the data results, the researchers give the following recommendations:

i) Policy-makers should take steps to better protect the children against exposure to advertising because of the inherent unfairness of advertising to audiences who lack the capacity to assess erroneous information in television advertising.

Ii) Parents should try to limit TV time for their children.

iii) Teachers and parents can help children decide what to watch on television.

iv) Adults must see things their children do not understand television.

v) Parents should also keep an eye on the negative effects of watching Pakistani television on child health, eating disorders and problems of eye sight.

Children vi) be encouraged as well in their schools and at home to discuss the television advertising.

vii) Parents / Teachers must help children to look programs that are relevant to their health and has some positive effects on their health of Pakistan Television.

Literature Cited

Edger A. Shoaff. http://thinkexist.com/quotation/advertising_is_the_art_making_whole_lies/204323.html

Evra, Judith Van: Television and Development child. (Hillsdale, NJ: 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum).

Kunkel, D., Wilson, B., Donnerstein, E., & Blumenthal, E.: Measuring Violence on television: the importance of context. (Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 1995).

Ibid.

Ibid

Namita Unnikrishnan, Shailaja and Pajpai: The impact of television advertising on children. (Sage Publications India Private Limited, India 1996)

Namita Unnikrishnan, Shailaja and Pajpai: The impact of television advertising on children. (Sage Publications India Private Limited, India 1996)

Neeru Kapoor: Advertising Television & Consumer Response. (Mittal Publication, New Delhi, India 2003)

http://weightloss.about.com/od/obesityhealth/a/blwhatsbmi.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity

James Shanahan and Michael Morgan: The television and its viewers: Theory of Culture and Research. (Cambridge University Press, UK1999)

Advertisement Syed Abdul Siraj. Islamabad: Allama Iqbal Open University) 6-8

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2005 Library reference. © Microsoft Corporation 1993-2004. All rights reserved.

William F. Arens. Contemporary Advertising (10th edition). (Irwin McGraw-Hill, United States 2006)

About the Author

I have done my Master of Sciences and PGD in ELT with Thesis and Dissertation. Now I'm studying M.Phil.

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Cambridge Preliminary English Test 6 Audio CDs (2): Official Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations $37.74 Cambridge Preliminary English Test 6 contains four complete PET past papers from Cambridge ESOL. These official papers provide candidates with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the PET examination and to practise examination techniques. The book contains practice material for Paper 1 (Reading and Writing) and Paper 2 (Listening), along with attractive colour visual material for Paper 3, which enables students to prepare thoroughly for the paired Speaking test. The audio CD set contains the recordings for Paper 2 (Listening). Cambridge University Press is the only official publisher of past papers from Cambridge ESOL. The two audio CDs available as part of the Cambridge Preliminary English Test 6 range contain the listening material for the aural component of the test (Paper 2).

Baymont Inn and Suites Cambridge $129.99 Baymont Inn and Suites Cambridge is located in Cambridge. Hotel Features. Recreational amenities include an indoor pool, a health club, and a spa tub. This hotel offers audio visual equipment and business services. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available in public areas. A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include laundry facilities. Guestrooms. All guestrooms at Baymont Inn and Suites Cambridge feature air conditioning. Televisions have cable channels.

Cambridge Starters 1: Examination Papers from the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations $17.56 These practice tests from Cambridge ESOL are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. Updated to reflect the 2007 changes, they provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET and FCE). There are 3 sets of tests for each of the 3 levels: Cambridge Starters, Cambridge Movers and Cambridge Flyers. Each set contains 3 full-colour tests, an audio cassette/CD, and an answer booklet. This is the second edition of Cambridge Young Learners English Tests 1 and is suitable for use with the new 2007 syllabus.

Cambridge English Skills Real Writing 3 with Answers [With CD (Audio)] $33.11 Cambridge English Skills is a four level skills series for adults and young adult learners. Learners can develop the skills they need to write English confidently wherever they are - at home, at work, travelling, studying or just in social situations with English-speaking friends. This edition comes with answers and audio CD.

Marriott Cambridge $490 Located in Cambridge, Marriott Cambridge is near the airport and close to Kendall Square, Boston Public Library, and Hynes Convention Center. Additional points of interest include Cambridgeside Galleria and MIT Museum. Hotel Features. Dining options at Marriott Cambridge include a restaurant and a coffee shop/caf?. Room service is available during limited hours. The hotel serves buffet breakfasts (surcharges apply). Recreational amenities include an indoor pool, a health club, a spa tub, and a fitness facility. This 3.5 star property has a business center and offers secretarial services and audio visual equipment. Wireless Internet access (surcharge) is available in public areas. This Cambridge property has 12000 square feet of event space consisting of banquet facilities and conference/meeting rooms. Concierge services and tour assistance are available. Guest parking is available for a surcharge. Additional property amenities include multilingual staff, gift shops/newsstands, and laundry facilities. This is a smoke free property. Guestrooms. 433 air conditioned guestrooms at Marriott Cambridge feature fireplaces and minibars. Beds come with premium bedding. Furnishings include desks and sofa beds. Refrigerators and coffee/tea makers are offered. Wired high speed and wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. In addition to complimentary newspapers, guestrooms offer multi line phones with voice mail. Televisions have video game consoles and pay movies. Also included are hair dryers and irons/ironing boards. Guests may request hypo allergenic bedding and wake up calls. Housekeeping is available daily. Guestrooms are all non smoking. Notifications and Fees:The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. Self parking fee: USD 25 per dayValet parking fee: USD 30 per day (in/out privileges)Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: USD 12.95 per day (rates may vary) Fee for in room high speed Internet (wired): USD 12.95 per day (rates may vary)Fee for in room wireless Internet: USD 12.95 per day (rates may vary)Buffet breakfast fee: USD 17.95 per person (approximate amount) The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change. Notifications and Fees:The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. Self parking fee: USD 25 per dayValet parking fee: USD 30 per day (in/out privileges)Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: USD 12.95 per day (rates may vary) Fee for in room high speed Internet (wired): USD 12.95 per day (rates may vary)Fee for in room wireless Internet: USD 12.95 per day (rates may vary)Buffet breakfast fee: USD 17.95 per person (approximate amount) The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.

Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test Book and Audio CDs Pack [With CDROM] $102.59 The Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL(R) Test, Fourth Edition, helps students master the language skills they need to succeed on the new TOEFL(R) iBT test and communicate effectively in an academic setting. The complete package for self-study includes the student book with hundreds of skill-building exercises, the full audio program on audio CDs for use with the exercises and practice tests in the book, and the CD-ROM with seven practice tests.

Cambridge Storybooks Audio CD 1 $18.43 No Synopsis Available

Cambridge IELTS 5 Audio CDs $48.75 No Synopsis Available

Cambridge Storybooks Audio Cassette 1 $18.43 No Synopsis Available

Cambridge Flyers 6 $36.55 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Audio CD contains the recordings for the Listening part of the three Flyers tests, and should be used in conjunction with the full-colour Flyers Student's Book. An Answer Booklet is also available.

Cambridge Spies (DVD) $53.35 Based on true events that shocked a nation in the 1930s, CAMBRIDGE SPIES tells the tale of four overprivileged Cambridge University students who defied their country by becoming spies for Russia. Samuel West, Rupert Penry-Jones, Toby Stephens, and Tom Hollander deliver dazzling performances as the disgruntled young men who risk their futures to betray their homeland. Directed by Tim Fywell (I CAPTURE THE CASTLE) and written by Peter Moffat.DVD Features:Region 1Double Keep CaseAdditional Release Material: Audio Commentary Featurette - 1.A Cambridge Spies Historical Scrapbook (Rare Interviews and News Clips) Documentary - 1.Great Spy Stories of the Twentieth Century: The Cambridge Spies (45 Minutes) Trailers

Cambridge English Skills Real Listening and Speaking 1 with Answers and Audio CD [With CD (Audio)] $35.49 Cambridge English Skills is a four-level skills series for adults and young adult learners. Learners can develop the skills they need to use English confidently wherever they are - at home, at work, travelling, studying or just in social situations with English-speaking friends. This edition comes with answers and audio CD.

Cambridge English for Marketing Student's Book with Audio CD $29 Endorsed by the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM), this short course (40-60 hours) uses practical tasks and realistic scenarios to develop the specialist language and communication skills needed for a career in marketing. Cambridge English for Marketing covers a wide range of marketing topics, from understanding the role of marketing in an organisation through to launching a new product. The ten standalone units allow learners to focus on the areas of marketing most important to them and as well as teaching specialist vocabulary and marketing theory, the course also develops job-specific skills such as carrying out marketing audits, preparing marketing campaigns, organising events and developing digital marketing strategies. The course requires no specialist knowledge on the part of the teacher and comprehensive teacher's notes are available online.

Cambridge Young Learners English Tests Starters 4 Student's Book: Examination Papers from the University of Cambridge ESOL Examina $12.78 These practice tests from Cambridge ESOL are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). There are 3 sets of tests for each of the 3 levels: Cambridge Starters, Cambridge Movers and Cambridge Flyers. Each set contains 3 full-colour tests, an audio cassette/CD, and an answer booklet. This is the second edition of Cambridge Young Learners English Tests 4 and is suitable for use with the new 2007 syllabus.

Cambridge Starters 3 Answer Booklet: Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations: English for Speakers of Ot $7.08 These practice tests from Cambridge ESOL are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). There are 3 sets of tests for each of the 3 levels: Cambridge Starters, Cambridge Movers and Cambridge Flyers. Each set contains 3 full-colour tests, an audio cassette/CD, and an answer booklet. This is the second edition of Cambridge Young Learners English Tests 3 and is suitable for use with the new 2007 syllabus.

Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English 2 for Updated Exam Audio CDs (2): Official Examination Papers from University of Cambrid $61.75 Contains four complete tests for the updated Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) examination from Cambridge ESOL to be introduced from December 2008. This Audio CD set contains the recorded material for the aural component of the exam (Paper 4).

Cambridge Movers 6, Student's Book $19.68 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Student's Book contains three full colour Movers past papers from Cambridge ESOL. An Answer Booklet and CD containing the audio for the listening paper are available separately.

Cambridge Flyers 6, Student's Book $20.53 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Student's Book contains three full colour Flyers past papers from Cambridge ESOL. An Answer Booklet and CD containing the audio for the listening paper are available separately.

Cambridge Starters 6, Student's Book $16.26 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Student's Book contains three full colour Starters past papers from Cambridge ESOL. An Answer Booklet and CD containing the audio for the listening paper are available separately.

Cambridge Bec 4 Higher (Compact Disc) $32.4 Cambridge BEC 4 Higher provides a set of four complete practice tests for the Cambridge BEC Higher exam. These past examination papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) provide the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. The Audio CD contains the audio material for the Listening paper.

Cambridge Flyers 6 Answer Booklet $10.56 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 712. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Answer Booklet contains the correct answers to the three complete tests provided in the Flyers Students Book. A CD with the audio for the Listening part of the test is also available. Author: Cambridge ESOL Series Title: Cambridge Young Learners English Tests Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 31 Publication Date: 2009/03/01 Language: English Dimensions: 11.03 x 8.31 x 0.09 inches

Cambridge Vocabulary for Ielts Advanced Band 6.5+ with Answers and Audio CD $28.83 The book covers all the vocabulary needed by students aiming for band 6.5 and above in the IELTS tests and provides students with practice of exam tasks from each paper. Cambridge Vocabulary for IELTS Advanced focuses on moving students to 6.5 and beyond by working on vocabulary-building strategies necessary for success at advanced levels. It includes useful tips on how to approach IELTS exam tasks and covers especially tricky areas such as paraphrase and collocation. It is informed by the Cambridge English Corpus to ensure that the vocabulary is presented in genuine contexts and includes real learner errors. The Audio CD contains the listening and pronunciation exercises from each unit. The material is suitable for self-study or homework tasks, and may also be used in class with the teacher.

Holiday Inn Express Cambridge $174.63 Holiday Inn Express Cambridge is located in Cambridge, close to Abbey Stadium, Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, and Jesus College. Nearby points of interest also include St Catharine's College and Church of St Mary the Great. Hotel Features. Holiday Inn Express Cambridge features a restaurant and a bar/lounge. The hotel serves a complimentary hot and cold buffet breakfast. This 3 star property offers small meeting rooms, a meeting/conference room, and audio visual equipment. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available in public areas. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include multilingual staff and laundry facilities. Guestrooms. 100 air conditioned guestrooms at Holiday Inn Express Cambridge feature coffee/tea makers and safes. Furnishings include desks and sofa beds. High speed Internet access is available. In addition to complimentary newspapers, guestrooms offer direct dial phones. Televisions have satellite channels and pay movies. Rooms also include windows that open and hair dryers.

Cambridge BEC Vantage 4 with Answers: Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations: English for Speakers of O $39.39 Cambridge BEC 4 Vantage provides a set of four complete practice tests for the Cambridge BEC Vantage exam. These past examination papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) provide the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. The Student's Book also contains a comprehensive section of keys and transcripts, making it suitable for self study. The Audio CDs contain the audio material for the Listening paper.

Cambridge BEC Preliminary 4 with Answers: Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations: English for Speakers $39.48 Cambridge BEC 4 Preliminary provides a set of four complete practice tests for the Cambridge BEC Preliminary exam. These past examination papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) provide the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. The Student's Book also contains a comprehensive section of keys and transcripts, making it suitable for self study. The Audio CD contains the audio material for the Listening paper.

Holiday Inn Cambridge $152.86 Holiday Inn Cambridge > STN > Bridge Road > Cambridge > > CB4 9PH>Location. Situated in a rural location, this Cambridge hotel is close to Cambridge Castle and Churchill College. Also nearby are Jesus College and St. John's College. Features. Holiday Inn Cambridge has a health club, an indoor pool, a spa tub, a steam room, and a sauna. This 3.0 star Cambridge property features beauty services. Business amenities at this 3.0 star property include a business center, wireless Internet access, secretarial services, and audio visual equipment. Holiday Inn Cambridge has a restaurant and a bar/lounge. 24 hour room service is available. Event facilities include conference rooms. The staff can arrange dry cleaning/laundry services and computer rentals. Additional amenities include a fitness facility, laundry facilities, and multilingual staff. Guestrooms. Holiday Inn Cambridge has 161 guestrooms. Televisions are equipped with satellite television channels and pay movies. Guestrooms provide phones. All guestrooms provide sofa beds and desks. Guestrooms feature coffee/tea makers. Bathrooms offer hair dryers. Additional amenities include air conditioning. Housekeeping is offered. Cribs (infant beds) and rollaway beds are available. >The preferred airport for Holiday Inn Cambridge is London (STN Stansted) 40.1 km / 24.9 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre.

New Cambridge Advanced English $33.73 New Cambridge Advanced English places a strong emphasis on vocabulary, collocation and idiom. It includes CAE exam-style exercises but is suitable both for exam and non-exam candidates. This is a third edition, differing from the second edition by only one minor change in a reading passage. It can be used with the second edition Teacher's book and audio components.

Movers 3: Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations $36.55 These practice tests from Cambridge ESOL are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). There are 3 sets of tests for each of the 3 levels: Cambridge Starters, Cambridge Movers and Cambridge Flyers. Each set contains 3 full-colour tests, an audio cassette/CD, and an answer booklet. This is the second edition of Cambridge Young Learners English Tests 3 and is suitable for use with the new 2007 syllabus.

Cambridge Movers 6: Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations $36.55 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Audio CD contains the recordings for the Listening part of the three Movers tests, and should be used in conjunction with the full-colour Movers Student's Book. An Answer Booklet is also available.

Cambridge Starters 6: Examination Papers from University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations $37.02 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Audio CD contains the recordings for the Listening part of the three Starters tests, and should be used in conjunction with the full-colour Starters Student's Book. An Answer Booklet is also available.

Cambridge Movers 6 Answer Booklet $6.99 Cambridge Young Learners English Tests are designed to evaluate the English level of primary learners aged 7-12. They provide the first step towards the Cambridge ESOL main suite exams (e.g. KET, PET, and FCE). The Answer Booklet contains the correct answers to the three complete tests provided in the Movers Student's Book. A CD with the audio for the Listening part of the test is also available.